Difference between revisions of "CoE 197U Scaling"

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|[[File:Power and vdd scaling.png|thumb|400px|Figure 5: Supply voltage and power scaling<ref name="kunert2015">Kunert, Integration and Application of Epitaxial Systems: III/V on Silicon for Optoelectronics, IMEC Belgium 2015</ref>.]]
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|[[File:Vdd scaling itrs2004.png|thumb|400px|Figure 6: Supply and threshold voltage scaling<ref name="itrs2004">ITRS, '''The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (2004 edition)''', 2004. Technical Report, http://public.itrs.net</ref>.]]
 
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Revision as of 15:48, 26 February 2021

Moore's Law

In 1965, Gordon Moore published a 4-page paper entitled "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits"[1], where he predicted that the number of components in an integrated circuit will increase by a factor of two every year, as shown in Fig. 1. Note that he based his extrapolation on just 4 data points!

Figure 1: Gordon Moore's 1965 prediction[1].

Why is this paper and the graph in Fig. 1 important? Gordon Moore's prediction, also known as Moore's Law, has reflected and, more importantly, driven the steady and rapid progress in computing technology[2]. Thus, satisfying Moore's Law has become the goal instead of being merely a prediction.

Evolution of Complexity

As Gordon Moore predicted, the cost and performance advantage of putting more and more devices into a single integrated circuit (IC) led to the rapid increase in circuit complexity. One convenient indicator of circuit complexity is the number of transistors contained in a single IC.

Figure 2: Transistor Count (1970 - 2020)[3].
Figure 3: Technology node and transistor gate length versus calendar year[4].
Figure 4: Scaling and processor performance[5].

Challenges in Digital Design

Figure 5: Supply voltage and power scaling[6].
Figure 6: Supply and threshold voltage scaling[7].

Why Scale?

Figure 7: Semiconductor power density[8].
Figure 6: Calculations per second for a fixed cost[9].

The Cost of Integrated Circuits

Non-Recurrent Engineering Costs

Recurrent Costs

Yield

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Gordon E Moore, Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, Electronics, Volume 38, Number 8, April 19, 1965 (pdf)
  2. Gordon Moore: The Man Whose Name Means Progress, IEEE Spectrum, March 2015.
  3. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Moore%27s_Law_Transistor_Count_1970-2020.png
  4. S. E. Thompson, S. Parthasarathy, Moore's law: the future of Si microelectronics, Materials Today, Volume 9, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 20-25. (link)
  5. Karl Rupp, 42 Years of Microprocessor Trend Data, https://www.karlrupp.net/2018/02/42-years-of-microprocessor-trend-data/
  6. Kunert, Integration and Application of Epitaxial Systems: III/V on Silicon for Optoelectronics, IMEC Belgium 2015
  7. ITRS, The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (2004 edition), 2004. Technical Report, http://public.itrs.net
  8. Chen (IBM), ISS Europe 2007, (link).
  9. BCA Research (link).