Difference between revisions of "CoE 197U Scaling"
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== The Cost of Integrated Circuits == | == The Cost of Integrated Circuits == | ||
| + | Cost is the main motivation for reducing device sizes. Aside from the marked improvement in speed, more transistors can be integrated in the same die or wafer, significantly reducing the cost per transistor. | ||
=== Non-Recurrent Engineering Costs === | === Non-Recurrent Engineering Costs === | ||
Revision as of 22:30, 27 February 2021
Contents
Moore's Law
In 1965, Gordon Moore published a 4-page paper entitled "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits"[1], where he predicted that the number of components in an integrated circuit will increase by a factor of two every year, as shown in Fig. 1. Note that he based his extrapolation on just 4 data points!
 Figure 1: Gordon Moore's 1965 prediction[1]. |
Why is this paper and the graph in Fig. 1 important? Gordon Moore's prediction, also known as Moore's Law, has reflected and, more importantly, driven the steady and rapid progress in computing technology[2]. Thus, satisfying Moore's Law has become the goal instead of being merely a prediction.
Evolution of Complexity
As Gordon Moore predicted, the cost and performance advantage of putting more and more devices into a single integrated circuit (IC) led to the rapid increase in circuit complexity. One convenient indicator of circuit complexity is the number of transistors contained in a single IC, reaching the 1-billion transistor level in 2010, and achieving almost 50 billion transistors in 2020, as shown in Fig. 2.
 Figure 2: Transistor Count (1970 - 2020)[3]. |
For more than 30 years, the development of integrated circuits continued roughly on the trajectory predicted by Moore's Law.
 Figure 3: Technology node and transistor gate length versus calendar year[4]. |
 Figure 4: Scaling and processor performance[5]. |
Challenges in Digital Design
 Figure 5: Supply voltage and power scaling[6]. |
 Figure 6: Active and Leakage Power[7]. |
 Figure 7: Supply and threshold voltage scaling[8]. |
 Figure 8: Leakage and frequency variations[9]. |
Why Scale?
 Figure 9: Semiconductor power density[10]. |
 Figure 10: Calculations per second for a fixed cost[11]. |
The Cost of Integrated Circuits
Cost is the main motivation for reducing device sizes. Aside from the marked improvement in speed, more transistors can be integrated in the same die or wafer, significantly reducing the cost per transistor.
Non-Recurrent Engineering Costs
Recurrent Costs
Yield
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gordon E Moore, Cramming more components onto integrated circuits, Electronics, Volume 38, Number 8, April 19, 1965 (pdf)
- ↑ Gordon Moore: The Man Whose Name Means Progress, IEEE Spectrum, March 2015.
- ↑ Wikimedia
- ↑ S. E. Thompson, S. Parthasarathy, Moore's law: the future of Si microelectronics, Materials Today, Volume 9, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 20-25. (link)
- ↑ K. Rupp, 42 Years of Microprocessor Trend Data, https://www.karlrupp.net/2018/02/42-years-of-microprocessor-trend-data/
- ↑ B. Kunert, Integration and Application of Epitaxial Systems: III/V on Silicon for Optoelectronics, IMEC Belgium 2015
- ↑ W. Haensch et al., Silicon CMOS devices beyond scaling, IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. 50, no. 4.5, pp. 339-361, July 2006, doi: 10.1147/rd.504.0339.
- ↑ ITRS, The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (2004 edition), 2004. Technical Report, http://public.itrs.net
- ↑ S. Borkar, T. Karnik, S. Narendra, J. Tschanz, A. Keshavarzi and V. De, Parameter variations and impact on circuits and microarchitecture, Proceedings 2003. Design Automation Conference (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37451), Anaheim, CA, USA, 2003, pp. 338-342, doi: 10.1145/775832.775920.
- ↑ Chen (IBM), ISS Europe 2007, (link).
- ↑ BCA Research (link).
